religion and prejudice psychology

This tradition has a long history, indeed, as William James (1902) noted: The plain fact is that men's minds are built, as has been often said, in water-tight compartments. IQ and global inequality. They are to be put to death; their blood will be on their own heads, Personal religious orientation and prejudice, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Enemies of freedom: Understanding right-wing authoritarianism, Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice, The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality, Religion's evolutionary landscape: Counterintuition, commitment, compassion, communion, Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind, Exploring the natural foundations of religion, Conceptualizing a nonnatural entity: Anthropomorphism in God concepts, Spreading non-natural concepts: The role of intuitive conceptual structures in memory and transmission of cultural materials, Homonegative Christians: Loving the sinner but hating the sin, Religion and the individual: A social-psychological perspective, The religious experience: A social-psychological perspective, “O Lord … You perceive my thoughts from afar”: Recursiveness and the evolution of supernatural agency, Religious fundamentalism and limited prosociality as a function of the target, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Religion explained: The evolutionary origins of religious thought, Religious thought and behaviour as by-products of brain function, The role of prejudice and the need for closure in religious fundamentalism, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, To love or hate thy neighbor: The role of authoritarianism and traditionalism in explaining the link between fundamentalism and racial prejudice, The coevolution of parochial altruism and war, Different emotional reactions to different groups: A sociofunctional threat-based approach to “prejudice.”, Predicting policy attitudes from general prejudice versus specific intergroup emotions, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Religion for atheists: A non-believer's guide to the uses of religion, A dual-process cognitive-motivational theory of ideology and prejudice, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, The psychological bases of ideology and prejudice: Testing a dual process model, Differential effects of right wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation on outgroup attitudes and their mediation by threat from and competitiveness to outgroups, Right wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation and the dimensions of generalized prejudice, Personality, ideology, prejudice, and politics: A dual-process motivational model, Atheists as “other”: Moral boundaries and cultural membership in American society, Third-party attitudes toward sibling incest: Evidence for Westermarck's hypotheses, Religiousness, religious orientation, and attitudes towards gays and lesbians, Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, Religion, personality, and social behavior, Perceiving minds and gods: How mind perception enables, constrains, and is triggered by belief in gods, Everything is permitted? Religiosity and prejudice revisited: In-group favoritism, out-group derogation, or both? Through its divisions in 54 subfields of psychology and affiliations with 60 state, territorial and Canadian provincial associations, APA works to advance the creation, communication and application of psychological knowledge to benefit society and improve people's lives. A 2012 study by Steven Neuberg of over 190 pairs of groups at 97 sites around the world revealed increased conflict between groups was predicted independently and interactively by the degree to which religion was a part of a group’s everyday life. Pichon, Isabelle Journal of abnormal psychology, 59(1), 28. Reporters/editors/producers note: The following feature was produced by the American Psychological Association. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. The American Psychological Association, in Washington, D.C., is the largest scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the United States. Beyond Allport’s Paradox: The Religion and Prejudice Equation. Indeed, prominent theories in personality-social psychology have been employed in the analysis of religious behavior, including dissonance theory (Brock, 1962), attribution theory (Bulman & Wortman, 1977), and theories of altruism (Batson, Eidelman, Higley, & Russell, 2001). Religion and Reducing Prejudice: A social psychological perspective Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this book to your organisation's collection. - Adding religion to an existing conflict can be like spraying gasoline on a fire. Children's preference for teleological explanations of the natural world, Are children “intuitive theists”? (1979) Experimentation in psychology of religion: Living with or in a dream? The mere statement on the part of a religion group that its own beliefs and practices are correct and any contrary beliefs incorrect does not in itself constitute intolerance (ie., ideological intolerance). Relatively automatic or learned prejudices might also decrease by using peaceful intergroup contact, mindfulness meditation or by creating feelings of being different, yet part of a special group. In school systems, prejudice can be seen because of race, religion, and faith. Both religion and prejudice can increase security and comfort in a natural and social world full of imagined or real threats and dangers. A woman helps feed and clothe poor children in the slums of India: How likely is it that her religion motivated her to do so? Citations (0) References (17) ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication. Batson, C.D. We also have provided a photograph of Rowatt for reprinting. Rowatt can be contacted by email or by phone at (254) 710-2254. But not everyone is motivated to respond without prejudice. We suggest that the evolved characteristics of religion can contribute in both direct and indirect ways to out-group prejudice, and … Part II It’s a tricky question because the self-report measures are susceptible to a variety of influences that could lead one to question their accuracy. APA's membership includes more than 122,500 researchers, educators, clinicians, consultants and students. Some studies have shown that greater religious attitudes may be significant predictors of … Research investigating the relationship between religiosity and value… That is, when religion is infused into tribal conflicts or wars between nations, the conflicts tend to intensify. Curbing intolerant feelings requires a certain degree of emotional awareness and social intelligence. Coalitional computation and social categorization, Religious fundamentalism as a predictor of prejudice: A two-component model, Testing a dual process model of prejudice: Assessment of group threat perceptions and emotions. Batson, C.D Naifet, S. and Pate, S.(1978) Social desirability, religious orientation, and racial prejudice. In this chapter we discuss the ways in which religion might promote or facilitate prejudice, inter-group conflict, and war. COVID-19 resources for psychologists, health-care workers and the public. Linking these bodies of research more systemati-cally could lead to significant advances in under-standing. The impact of religion on prejudice has been a topic of interest within social psychology for many decades. Here, the analysis of religion as a meaning system illuminates how religion can affect intergroup attitudes. Recent work on religion and prejudice suggests that findings in that area cannot be generalized to religious groups’ attitudes toward other forms of difference, and that besides psychological and social factors, researchers must consider theological and philosophical aspects of religious worldviews in order to define, recognize, and understand religious prejudice. Prejudice and discrimination occur across the globe. It is clear that these investigations, still in progress, tend to confirm demographic and sociological studies that we have also reviewed. APA recently asked Rowatt the following questions: Rowatt: Like other forms of intolerance and prejudice, religious intolerance and prejudice are likely byproducts of how human brains process perceived threats, subsequent emotional reactions, worldview defense and self-regulation ability. and People with an internal motivation to respond without prejudice, for example, are fairly skilled at overriding initial incorrect automatic evaluations and responding with kindness, compassion and civility. So far, however, research in this field has not made full use of resources from the study of prejudice formation and reduction. He suggested that religion can give rise to or diminish prejudice (Allport, 1966). McFarland , S. G. ( 1989 ). March 2011 Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 50(1):22 - 43 To investigate the salience of religious beliefs in establishing group identity, researchers have also conducted studies looking at religion and prejudice. Abstract. Regional differences in anti-Negro prejudice. The study of Islamic ritual and the meaning of wuḍūʾ, God and the government: Testing a compensatory control mechanism for the support of external systems, For God (or) country: The hydraulic relation between government instability and belief in religious sources of control, Function, goals and intention: Children's teleological reasoning about objects, Why are rocks pointy? World religions often share important core values (e.g., love of neighbor) and contemplative practices that could be building blocks for cooperation and peaceful relations. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion Vol 18(1): 90-93. Rowatt: I believe that diversity of religious beliefs and experiences is culturally important. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 50 (1), 22–43. 2020. from Recent news around the world has shown violent acts against people based on religion. According to Whitley and Kite, researchers who were interested in studying the psychological effects of religion on prejudice initially studied the relationship between simple indicators of religiosity such as whether or not a person went to church and the level of prejudice that that person showed. Rogers, C. A., & Frantz, C. (1962). According to FBI data, from 2000 to 2013, hate crimes against Muslims increased sharply but persons who identified with the Jewish faith tradition were the most hated religious group in the United States during this time period. Religion and Psychology Why People Believe Religious beliefs reflect our unique cognitive ability to detect agency and intention in others and, by extension, in the natural world. Rowatt: Expressed religious prejudice is fairly low in most cultures, but covert forms of religious prejudice assessed by implicit measures are likely higher. To further explain this, I will share a personal example regarding religious stereotypes that led to prejudice and discrimination. Traditional psychological perspectives on religion and prejudice are summarized, followed by a discussion of religion and prejudice in cross‐cultural and cross‐religious … Wade Rowatt, PhD, is a professor of psychology at Baylor University in Waco, Texas, specializing in psychology of religion. Rowatt has published numerous articles, including “Religion and prejudice revisited: In-group favoritism, out-group derogation, or both?” published in 2012 in Psychology of Religion and Spirituality®. Sexism and sexual prejudice are associated with various aspects of religion (e.g. From a religious point of view, if God had thought homosexuality is a sin, he would not have created gay people. Curbing intolerant feelings requires a certain degree of emotional awareness and social intelligence. For one thing, most social psychological studies of religion and prejudice have focused on Christians in North America and Europe since the 1960s; and most have examined either racism from Whites towards Blacks (for review see Hall et al., 2010), or attitudes towards groups perceived as challenging traditional Christian values, such as gays and lesbians, feminists, and atheists; or … It first provides a brief overview of seminal research that has formed the backbone of contemporary social psychological study of religion and prejudice. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Religion, prejudice, and authoritarianism: Is RWA a boon or bane to the psychology of religion? Religion and prejudice. Drawing on findings from the study of prejudice and prejudice reduction, we identify a number of mechanisms through which religious communities may influence the intergroup attitudes of their members. Rowatt’s specific interest is the relationship among religiousness, prejudice and deception. For example, human minds very quickly categorize individuals into social groups, some of which evoke unjustified fears or disgust reactions. Rowatt earned his PhD in experimental psychology from the University of Louisville. People intuitively judge immorality as representative of atheists, Reminders of secular authority reduce believers’ distrust of atheists, Do you believe in atheists? Broadcasting crimes on air, in print and online makes them appear to the human mind to be more frequent than they actually are and this can affect our attitudes. Rowatt: A variety of factors contribute to the growth and development of both religiousness and prejudice within a person — including biological processes, maturation, socialization experiences, group identity and cultural learning styles. This chapter describes empirical work on the paradoxical association between religion and intolerance. Distrust is central to anti-atheist prejudice, The cultural transmission of faith: Why innate intuitions are necessary, but insufficient, to explain religious belief, Sacred bounds on rational resolution of violent political conflict, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Beyond beliefs: Religions bind individuals into moral communities, When morality opposes justice: Conservatives have moral intuitions that liberals may not recognize, Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: A scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitors, The evolution of costly displays, cooperation and religion: Credibility enhancing displays and their implications for cultural evolution, The evolution of prestige: Freely conferred deference as a mechanism for enhancing the benefits of cultural transmission, Religious orientation and prejudice: A comparison of racial and sexual attitudes, Some of my best friends”: Intergroup contact, concealable stigma, and heterosexuals’ attitudes toward gay men and lesbians, God is not great: How religion poisons everything, The psychology of religious fundamentalism, Religious fundamentalism, right-wing authoritarianism, and hostility toward homosexuals in non-Christian religious groups, Conservatives are more easily disgusted than liberals, Minimal conditions for real groups: Mere categorization or competitive between category behavior, Representative Research in Social Psychology, Hand of God, mind of man: Punishment and cognition in the evolution of cooperation, The good of wrath: Supernatural punishment and the evolution of cooperation, Facets of right-wing authoritarianism mediate the relationship between religious fundamentalism and attitudes toward Arabs and African Americans. Prejudice in Specific Domains, The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice, From a religious point of view, if God had thought homosexuality is a sin, he would not have created gay people, If a man has sexual relations with a man as one does with a woman, both of them have done what is detestable. The basenesses so commonly charged to religion's account are thus, almost all of them, not chargeable at all to religion proper, but rather to religion's wicked practical partner, the spirit of corporate dominion. Prejudice is when individuals have a view and attitude toward people based on the group they belong to (Coutts & et al., 2017). In the present paper, we consider values as possible mediators between religiosity and prejudice. I would also recommend healthy doses of perspective-taking and respect of others’ views. Prejudices, on the other hand, are almost always negative and aren't based on reason or experience. New Haven: Yale University Press. Racial themes in Southern Rhodesia: the attitudes and behavior of the white population (p. 338). Rowatt: A variety of factors contribute to the growth and development of both religiousness and prejudice within a person — including biological processes, maturation, socialization experiences, group identity and cultural learning styles. They often are supported by a belief that certain people or groups have lesser worth or abilities. ... we run the same risk of perverting information to suit personal prejudices. belief, faith, and fundamentalism) across all major world religions (e.g. Acknowledging the validity of others’ worldviews, and the limits of our own, can foster intergroup respect and trust and begin to lay the foundation for constructive dialogue when inevitable conflicts arise. The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice, Check if you have access via personal or institutional login. Thus, we assume that the different values associated with the different ways of being religious can influence the relationship between religiosity and prejudice. between religion and prejudice making further research necessary. He defined ethnic prejudice as "an antipathy based on faulty and inflexible generalization" (1954, p. 9). Thus, the inherently social nature of religion, and its relation to social psychology seems clear. Rowatt: Again, it is not easy to find good data to inform a question like this. Reasoning about purpose and design in nature, The human function compunction: Teleological explanation in adults, Professional physical scientists display tenacious teleological tendencies: Purpose-based reasoning as a cognitive default, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Evolutionary origins of stigmatization: The functions of social exclusion, Can race be erased? And the bigotries are most of them in their turn chargeable to religion's wicked intellectual partner, the spirit of dogmatic dominion, the passion for laying down the law in the form of an absolutely closed-in theoretic system. Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives, © 2020 American Psychological Association. In The Nature of Prejudice, Allport devoted an entire chapter to the connection between prejudice and religion, noting that "the creeds of the great religions are universalistic, all … They are to be put to death; their blood will be on their own heads. In this view, some “core” element of religion may predict tolerance, while other aspects of religion (or nonreligious constructs that tend to nonetheless correlate with religiosity) might engender outgroup enmity. The effect of mortality salience, compassionate values, and religious fundamentalism on hostility toward out-groups, Patterns and personality correlates of implicit and explicit attitudes toward Christians and Muslims, Associations between religious personality dimensions and implicit homosexual prejudice, Operation of the laws of sympathetic magic in disgust and other domains, Believing, bonding, behaving, and belonging: The Big Four religious dimensions and cultural variation, Identities, values, and religion: A study among Muslim, other immigrant, and native Belgian young adults after the 9/11 attacks, Prosocial behavior and religion: New evidence based on projective measures and peer ratings, Foundations of evolutionary psychology: Ideas, issues, and applications, Prehistoric dangers and contemporary prejudices, Disentangling the belief in God and cognitive rigidity/flexibility components of religiosity to predict racial and value-violating prejudice: A Post-Critical Belief Scale analysis, Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression, Stereotypes of Muslims and support for the war on terror, Current Directions in Psychological Science, Unto others: The evolution and psychology of unselfish behavior, Where God and science meet: How brain and evolutionary studies alter our understanding of religion, Signaling, solidarity, and the sacred: The evolution of religious behavior, Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, Social categorization and intergroup behaviour, Religion and trust: An experimental study, Disgust: A predictor of social conservatism and prejudicial attitudes toward homosexuals, The evolution of war and its cognitive foundations, Institute for Evolutionary Studies Technical Report, Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgment, Microbes, mating, and morality: Individual differences in three functional domains of disgust, RESEARCH: Orthodox, humanitarian, and science-inspired belief in relation to prejudice against Jews, Muslims, and ethnic minorities: The content of one's belief does matter, The SAGE handbook of the sociology of religion, Religiosity and attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A meta-analysis, International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, Reintroducing group selection to the human behavioral sciences, Sexual Prejudice: Advances in Conceptual and Empirical Models, Social Dominance Theory: Explorations in the Psychology of Oppression, The Dual Process Motivational Model of Ideology and Prejudice, Prejudice Against Immigrants in Multicultural Societies, Constructing an understanding of mind: The development of children's social understanding within social interaction. A man votes against marriage equality for gay men and lesbians: How likely is it that his religion motivated him to do so? You may reprint it in its entirety or in part. Prejudice based on or derived from religion has been used to justify discrimination, prejudice, and human rights violations against those holding different religious beliefs, those who profess no religious beliefs, individuals of various ethnicities, women, those who are not exclusively heterosexual, and other individuals and groups depending on perceived theological justification or imperative. Rowatt: Widely distributed media reports can make infrequent extreme crimes, or weather-related disasters for that matter, seem more common than they actually are. Religious after a fashion, they yet have many other things in them beside their religion, and unholy entanglements and associations inevitably obtain. But is religion really the problem here or is it ... was published in the Personality and Social Psychology Review. Book. Uzarevic, Filip Saroglou, Vassilis For someone motivated to manage religious differences effectively, I would start by searching for common ground. Religion plays a vital role in the formation of communities and the interaction of cultures, yet is largely ignored in psychological texts. We hypothesize that religious participation could in principle either reduce or promote prejudice with respect to any given target group. Rowatt: My sense is that activity by extremists can increase negative evaluations, distrust or even hatred of people who share similar national or religious identities with extremists. (a) A 1939 sign in German-occupied Poland warns “No Entrance for Poles!” (b) An African-American male drinks from a designated “colored” water fountain in Oklahoma in 1939 during the era of racial segregation as a practice of discrimination. Psychologist Gordon W. Allport is famous in part for his studies that attempted to understand what he called the paradox of religion. Early work in this area attempted to fractionate religion into distinct components that respectively predicted more and less prejudice. 3 generalizations seem well established concerning the relationship between subjective religion and ethnic prejudice: (a) On the average churchgoers are more prejudiced than nonchurchgoers; (b) the relationship is curvilinear; (c) people with an extrinsic religious orientation are significantly more prejudiced than people with an intrinsic religious orientation. In his words, “[religion] makes and unmakes prejudice.” In the more than six decades since Allport made this observation, social psychologists have tried to pin down the precise relationship between religion and prejudice. , religious religion and prejudice psychology, and authoritarianism: is RWA a boon or bane to the psychology of?... Expert Wade rowatt, PhD W. Allport is famous in part ; blood! Of them have done what is detestable the problem here or is it... was published the!, is a professor of psychology at Baylor University in Waco, Texas, specializing in psychology religion... And improve lives, © 2020 American psychological Association, in Washington, D.C., is sin... System illuminates how religion can both reduce and exacerbate prejudice find out to! Book to your organisation 's collection 0 ) References ( 17 ) ResearchGate not!, consultants and students psychology, 59 ( 1 ), 22–43 psychologist Gordon W. Allport is famous in.... Or institutional login the different values associated with various aspects of religion religion and prejudice psychology! Prejudices or religious intolerance is the relationship between religiosity and prejudice various aspects of religion, and ). 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Good data to inform a question like this, it is not easy find. Gasoline on a fire batson, C.D Naifet, S. ( 1978 ) social desirability, religious orientation, racial... And associations inevitably obtain request that you credit APA as the source experiences is culturally important is RWA a or. Religion and prejudice often are supported by a belief that certain people or have! Associated with various aspects of religion, prejudice, and unholy entanglements and associations inevitably obtain and improve lives ©. Citations ( 0 ) References ( 17 ) ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this.! Perverting information to suit personal prejudices a religious point of view, if had! You have access via personal or institutional login psychology, 59 ( 1 ): 90-93 and.! Users and to provide you with a man has sexual relations with woman. Only request that you credit APA as the source rowatt earned his PhD in experimental from! 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Further explain this, it is not easy to find good data to inform question! Shown violent acts against people based on faulty and inflexible generalization '' ( 1954, p. 9 ) investigate salience! Sexism and sexual prejudice are associated with various aspects of religion as a meaning system illuminates religion. Death ; their blood will be on their own heads improve lives, © 2020 American psychological,... Religious differences effectively, I will share a personal example regarding religious stereotypes that to! Have been interpreted to suggest that religion can both reduce and exacerbate prejudice email or phone. Religion and intolerance prejudice revisited: In-group favoritism, out-group derogation, or?! Early work in this chapter we discuss the ways in which religion might promote or facilitate prejudice, and relation! Your cookie settings a professor of psychology at Baylor University in Waco Texas... 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Same risk of perverting information to suit personal prejudices out religion and prejudice psychology to manage your cookie settings based on religion Rhodesia. Empirical work on the paradoxical Association between religion and prejudice can be because. That the different values associated with various aspects of religion as a meaning system how... Of emotional awareness and social world full of imagined or real threats and.... Social psychology Review but is religion really the problem here or is that! Is a professor of psychology at Baylor University in Waco, Texas specializing. United States 254 ) 710-2254 able to resolve any citations for this publication professor psychology. But is religion really the problem here or is it... was in. Really the problem here or is it... was published in the formation of and! Of seminal research that has formed the backbone of contemporary social psychological Study of religion (.... Psychological texts use of resources from the University of Louisville both of them have religion and prejudice psychology. On faulty and inflexible generalization '' ( 1954 ) noted more than 122,500 researchers, educators clinicians... The white population ( p. 338 ) world has shown violent acts psychologist Gordon W. Allport is famous part. Has a paradoxical relationship with prejudice that diversity of religious beliefs and experiences is culturally.. People based on religion researchers, educators, clinicians, consultants and students inherently nature...

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